Dietary restriction is the most mechanism-rich longevity lever — and still biomarker-only in humans.
In the definitive 2026 review, Schmauck-Medina and Fang synthesize three decades of dietary-restriction (DR) science: DR extends lifespan across nearly every species tested, operating through autophagy, AMPK, mTORC1, NAD+, FGF21, and SIRTs. In humans, CALERIE showed ~12% caloric restriction for two years slowed DunedinPACE by 2–3% — an effect that, if it translates, maps to roughly 10–15% lower mortality risk, comparable to smoking cessation. But individual variation is enormous and no hard-outcome trial exists yet.